Social+and+Cultural+impacts

Social and Cultural Impacts of Tourism

Society and Culture [|Kiwiana Town] [|New Zealand Culture Wikipedia] [|Bali Culture and Customs] Social impacts of tourism [|Warning over Rotorua's geothermal resources] [|Long lost pink terraces believed found] [|Bali Tourism Board]

[|Lonely Planet Waitomo Caves]

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//**WAITOMO **//__**//http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/sfc095.pdf //**__**//Who owns the caves? //** Since 1989 //Ruapuha-Uekaha// hapu //has// owned and leased back the land. They get a slice of admission charges and provide much of the workforce. PENGUINS! PENGUINS! PENGUINS! PENGUINS! PENGUINS! PENGUINS! PENGUINS! **//Who oversees the caves? //****Licencing Agency ** represented by the Cave Management Committee comprising representatives of the //Ruapuha-Uekaha Hapu Trust// and the //Department of Conservation//. **The Leaseholder ** pays an annual fee for a Licence to operate commercial cave guiding and souvenir shop operations at the cave. Licence holder prepares and submits an Operation Plan to the Licencing Agency. The Operation Plan provides for ‘the maximum opportunity for public access to the extent compatible with best protecting and preserving the Maori, scenic, historic, geological, biological and scientific values within the Licence Area’ (Department of Conservation 1990: 20). The Plan also provides for maintaining, upgrading and developing the facilities in the Licence Area and the services provided to the public. **The Operation Plan **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> for the Waitomo Glowworm Cave Licence specifies that carbon dioxide levels in the cave will be measured continuously and tour operations will cease if the carbon dioxide content exceeds 2400 parts per million. Above this level the carbon dioxide causes the speleotherms to corrode and at levels above 5000 parts per million there is a slight risk to visitors. <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The part of the cave known as the Organ Loft has very poor ventilation and carbon dioxide accumulates there when visitor numbers exceed 90 people per hour. It is necessary to close this part of the cave every day between 10.30 am and 3.00 pm. **//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism in Waitomo //** <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Waitomo features as a destination for the rapidly growing, high-volume short-stay market.These visitors commonly stay in New Zealand for around three to five days and spend most of their time in and around the Auckland – Rotorua area (NZTB 1996). The location of the Glowworm Cave makes it a useful short stopping point for passengers leaving either centre in the morning. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">International tourists ** <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Waitomo Caves village has a population of around 500 people (Waitomo Caves Museum Society 1994) and an estimated [|tourist population] of around 450 000 international visitors per annum, most of whom visit the Waitomo Glowworm Cave (NZTB 1996). **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Domestic tourists ** <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">There is no reliable information to indicate the number of domestic visitors although data provided by the THC Waitomo Caves Hotel indicate the New Zealand market to be around 8% of total visitors, i.e. between 40 000–50 000 per annum.

__**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.waitomo.govt.nz **__
**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Amenities: Waitomo District Council ** <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Council provides and maintains a range of public amenities in order to support the health and well-being of the Waitomo District Community by providing areas for burial, Public Toilet facilities, carparks and street furniture/amenity areas that are located in accessible locations for the comfort and convenience of visitors and residents. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Buildings ** <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">A District Library Service is provided to support culture and personal development opportunities for the Waitomo District Community. Council manages and maintains the Culture and Heritage buildings ensuring that they are preserved for Community use and enjoyment, including the Waitomo Cultural and Arts Centre in Te Kuiti. A District Swimming Pool and the Te Kuiti aerodrome facility is available, to provide sporting, leisure and recreational opportunities for residents and visitors to the Waitomo District. <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">Parks and reservesThis function provides areas for organised sporting activity and other recreational opportunities for residents and visitors to the Waitomo District. Public parks and gardens enhance the visual amenity of the local environment, whilst providing an open space for informal recreational activities and physical development of children through use of playground equipment.Esplanade Reserves both control and reduce the risk from natural hazards and assist in protecting the conservation values of the District's principal waterways. Some of the Parks and Reserves managed by Council, to support the health and well-being of the community are; Brook Park, Redwood Park, Centennial Park and the Mangaokewa Reserve. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Roading ** <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">The Roading Activity is Council's single largest cost centre involving the maintenance and development of unsealed and sealed roads including related drainage, kerbs and channels, bridges, street lighting, footpaths and street cleaning for all of the Waitomo District Community, with the exception of State Highways.An efficient, safe and sustainable road network is essential for the economic well-being of our District. Council maintains its roads under contract, to a standard that provides safe and comfortable driving within the limitations of available funding.

__**//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.stats.census2006.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickSta //**__**//<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Statistics //****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Employment ** <span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt -3pt;">The unemployment rate in Waitomo District is 4.6 percent for people aged 15 years and over, compared with 5.1 percent for all of New Zealand.The most common occupational group in Waitomo District is 'Managers', and 'Professionals' is the most common occupational group in New Zealand. **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Phone services ** 43.4 percent of households in Waitomo District have access to the Internet, compared with 60.5 percent of households throughout New Zealand. In Waitomo District 61.9 percent of households have access to a cellphone, compared with 74.2 percent of households for New Zealand as a whole.


 * __THE GAME__**

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">//**BALI**// <span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">** http://www.balitourismboard.org/files/ ** __ <span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">//** Tourist numbers **// <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Tourism is increasing in Bali. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The number of direct arrival in January-December 2005 was: 1.386.449 <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The number of direct arrival in 2009 was: 2.229.945 <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Population: 3.247.772 <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">[|Bali Tourism Guide]

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">//** The people **// <span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Life in Bali is very communal under the organization of villages. Temple ceremonies, marriage, cremation, farming and even the creative art festivals are decided by the local community institution called “Banjar”. A banjar consists of an average of 50 to 150 family members, owning a meeting venue called the Bale <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">//Banjar//, which is used for regular gatherings and a centre for local gamelan orchestras and drama groups.

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**// Economy //** <span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Most jobs are found in the southern part Bali in the hotel or tourist industry. <span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Smaller scale home businesses such as textile or garment, handicrafts and souvenirs, provide Bali's economy with more than 200,000 jobs.

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**http://www.roadjunky.com/article/18/bali-paradise-lost** __ <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**The history** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">1960’: The West’s discovery of Balinese surf breaks <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Resorts were constructed, skyscrapers erected and before anyone knew it, Bali became a tourist hotspot with barely a shred of its own culture surviving. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Many Balinese have relocated to new neighborhoods in urban tourist centers and lost touch with their traditional customs and everyday village life. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">With the influx of tourism the indigenous Balinese forgot their usual way of life to sell souvenirs and indulge the tourist fantasy of life on a tropical island.

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**The Bali bombings were funny** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">October 12, 2002. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">203 people killed, almost all of them tourists. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The aftermath of the “Bali Bomb” saw an immense economic shift on the island where tourism counted for 79% of its total income. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">After the bombing the Balinese suffered enormously as [|tourism] fell off. Many people were reduced to living off of less than $1 a day. The people had become dependent on tourism and the whole island assumed a gloomy air.

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The Indonesian Government and visas <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">On February 1st, 2003, the Indonesian government put new regulations concerning travel visas into effect. In the past a traveler was granted a free sixty-day visa on arrival -It was changed to a thirty-day visa on arrival with a fee of twenty dollars. The Indonesian government presumably placed these new visa sanctions into effect in order to both line their pockets and discourage ‘low class travelers’. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">What the Indonesian government seemingly failed to recognize (or care about) is that budget tourists stay for longer periods of time, end up spending more money and support local businesses.

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**The environment** <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The environmental implications of reduced tourism are becoming clear, particularly in the tourist Mecca of Kuta Beach. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Thanks to the bombing, garbage cans in densely populated public places have been banned as potential hiding places for bombs. <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Revenue from tourism would have eventually paid for a proper waste disposal system but in light of the recent recession plans have been put on hold. Locals in Kuta empty their garbage into a river that spills its contents out into the Indian Ocean during high tide. Then, the swells on Kuta Beach, Bali’s only sand bottom surf break, deposit all the garbage onto the beach.

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**http://blog.baliwww.com/destination-and-resort/1539** __ <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">**The impact of Tourism on Balinese culture** <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Culture has always been the island’s strongest attraction, ranging from the beautiful Hindu temples to the dances and traditional arts. Tourism will inevitably have some influence on the cultural traditions of any host community, and this has also happened in Bali, even when its culture is considered its strongest asset. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">With the need to improve the economic welfare of the people, the government decided to develop cultural tourism as part of the National Development Plan. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">As a result, there has been a commercialization of Balinese culture to meet the tourist demands. Sacred temples are overcrowded by foreigners; dances normally performed only every 60 years are now requested and organized by hotels on a weekly basis; many masks, costumes and jewelry used for religious rituals are in great demand in antique shops, and thus handicraft workshops are promoted to produce copies, which upsets many Balinese. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Many Balinese, however, feel that their culture is staying alive and well despite the tourism influences. The arts are not considered a profession, rather they are used for religious occasions, like temple festivals and other ceremonies. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Some believe that culture needs change, not seclusion, to survive and see the Balinese culture accepting influences from other cultures, modifying and transforming them, “making a new art but always based on the old Balinese forms. That is what is unique about Balinese arts.” <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The Balinese have accepted new forms and styles of arts introduced by foreigners.

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">** Negative impacts on Balinese culture ** <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Beggars are now very common. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Beach vendors are pervasive and a nuisance. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Some of the best sawahs (wet pasta paddies) have been replaced by art shops hoping to profit from tourism. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Prostitutes are in evidence, especially in Kuta, although the Balinese say they are immigrants.